A Comparison Of Le Nozze De Figaro And Der Rosenkavalier

Comparison of Le Nozze de Figaro and Der Rosenkavalier There is a range of similarities that are evident in both Operas. To begin with, both Mozart and Strauss each had vast experiences prior to writing their individual operatic pieces. Despite the fact that Mozart lived centuries before, the two composers had different sets of experiences that made their pieces admissibly similar. Strauss had conducted Mozart’s Le Nozze De Figaro more than thirty times before he wrote Der Rosenkavalier (Bakogianni 7; Evans et al. 5). It is important to note that the strong parallels between Mozart’s and Strauss’ pieces are attributed to the fact that Strauss learned from Mozart. Even though the two pieces were composed in different centuries – Mozart’s piece in the 18th century and Strauss’ piece in the 20th century – some of the musical elements that they share transcend both time periods. The characteristics of music in the classical period had to do with the new view of human psychology. Mozart was one to introduce contrasting moods within movements or even within a theme. He was able to infuse strong contrasts of moods within the style of his music (Burkholder, Grout, Palisca 475). In Figaro, Mozart includes an overture which is a piece in sonata form despite its lack of a development section. In Act I cavatina, â€Å"Se vuol ballare†, Mozart whimsically makes changes to the character of his music so as to correspond to Figaro’s machinations (Hambrik n.p). By doing so, he musically

Enron Company The United States History - 1707 Words

Enron company was created in 1985 out of Texas. The company was in the business of natural-gas pipelines. Eventually they merged with InterNorth and their business shifted towards other natural gas productions. They began to trade natural gas and electricity, which resulted in their biggest growth driver for their company. Enron was not only top in the country, but in the world they were known for their business’s success. In the year of 2000 they hit number seven on the fortune 500 list. At this point, Enron was also the sixth largest energy company in the world. But, the company quickly became the largest bankruptcy in the United States history. Humble beginnings of this company were not so humbling to the auditors and investigators soon after they uncovered their overstated financial statements. This scandal began with CFO, Andrew Fastow understating the company’s liabilities, and overstating incoming revenue which is why this company made it to the Fortune 500. Soon after this accounting scandal began, Jeffrey Skilling resigned as CEO in 2001, and Kenneth Lay became CEO once again (he was previously CEO when the company was founded). Just a few months after this change, Enron released an announcement that they had a third quarter loss of $618 million dollars. After this huge loss, business investigators began to question the company’s practices within the company. And soon after Enron’s third quarter loss, the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)Show MoreRelatedInsider Trading : Legal And Illegal Trading Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesbe defined in respect to both legal and illegal trading. The legal type is when corporate insiders—officers, directors, and employees—buy and sell stock in their own companies1.This type of investin g is completely legal and usually encouraged by companies to have their employees own their stock. 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Psychosocial Effects Of Aging Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Geriatricss is a subdivision of medical specialty covering with the aged and the jobs of the ripening. The field geriatrics includes of unwellness bar and direction, wellness care, and publicities of quality of life for the aged. Research on a broad assortment subject ramping from household facets of aging economic resources, and the bringing of long-run attention provinces that gender, race, ethnicity, and societal category systematically influenced the quality of the experience of aging. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Effects Of Aging Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The experience of aging consequences from interaction of physical, mental, societal and cultural factors. Aging varies across civilizations. Culturally, aging every bit good as the intervention of the aged, is frequently determined by the values of an cultural group. Culture besides may find the manner the older individual views the procedure of aging every bit good as the mode in a more heterogenous aged population than any coevals that proceed it can be expected. Health attention professionals will necessitate to cognize non merely diseases and upsets common to a specific age group but those common to a peculiar cultural group every bit good. An grasps of backgrounds can assist the wellness attention professional provide a personal attack when covering with and run intoing the demands of aged patients. Aging is a board construct that includes physical alterations in people ‘s organic structures over big life, psychological alterations in their heads and mental capacities, so cietal psychological alterations in what they think and believe, and societal alterations in how they are viewed, what they expected of them. Aging is invariably germinating construct. Impressions are a biologic age is more critical than chronologic age when finding wellness position of the aged is valid. Aging is an single and highly variable procedure. The functional capacity of major organic structure organs varies with progressing age. As one grows older, environmental and lifestyle factors affect the age-related functional alterations in the organic structure organ. The bulk of the aged seen in the wellness attention puting have been diagnosed with at least one chronic status. Persons who in the seventiess would non be able to last a debilitating unwellness, such as malignant neoplastic disease or a ruinous wellness events like a bosom onslaught, can now populate for more drawn-out periods of clip, sometimes with a assortment of coincident enfeebling conditions. Although age is the most consistent and strongest forecaster of hazard for malignant neoplastic disease and for decease from malignant neoplastic disease, Management of the aged malignant neoplastic disease patient becomes complex because other chronic conditions, such as degenerative arthritis, diabetes, chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) , and bosom disease, must besides be considered in their attention. The attitude of wellness attention suppliers towards older grownups affect their wellness attention. Unfortunately, research indicates that wellness attention professionals are significantly more negative in their attitudes towards older patients than younger 1s. This attitude must alter if the wellness attention supplier is to hold a positive interaction with the aged patient. These attitude appear to be related to the permeant stereotyping of the aged, which serves to warrant avoiding attention and contact with them, every bit good as being reminders of our ain mortality. Ageism is a term used to depict the stereotyping of and favoritism against aged individuals and is conside red to be similar to that of the racism and sexism. It emphasized that often the aged are perceived to be abhorrent and that a antipathy for the aging procedure itself exists. Ageism suggests that he bulk of aged are doddering, suffering most of the clip, and dependant instead than independent persons. The media have besides influenced on traveling stereotyped impressions about the aged. Health attention suppliers must larn to appreciate the positive facets of aging so that they can help the aged in holding a positive experience with their imaging process. PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS OF AGING The human organic structure undergoes a multiplicity of physiologic alteration 2nd by 2nd. Small considerations is given sing these alterations unless they are brought on by sudden physical, psychological, or cognitive events. Radiographers must retrieve that each aged individual they encounter is a alone person with distinguishable features. These persons have experienced a life filled with memories and achievement. Young or old, the definition of quality of life is an person and personal 1. Research has shown that wellness position is an first-class forecaster of felicity. Greater societal contact, wellness satisfaction, low vulnerable personality traits, fewer nerve-racking life events have been linked to successful aging. Self-efficacy can be defined as the degree of control one has over one ‘s hereafter. Many aged people feel they have no control over medical exigencies and fixed incomes. Many have fewer picks about their personal life agreements. These environmental factors can take to depression and decreased self-efficacy. An addition in unwellness will normally parallel a lessening in self-efficacy. The aged may see altering functions from life of independency. The household function of an grownup lovingness for kids and grandchildren may germinate into the kids caring for their lovingness aging parents. It is besides a clip of loss. Losses may include the decease of a partner and friends, every bit good as loss of income due to retirement. The loss of wellness may be the ground for the wellness attention visit. The overall loss control may take to isolation and depression in the aged. Death and death is besides an at hand fact of life. The aging procedure entirely does non likely alter the indispensable nucleus of human being. Physical unwellness is non aging, and age-related alterations in the organic structure are frequently modest in magnitude. As one ages, the inclinations to prefer slower-paced activities, take longer to larn new undertakings, go more unretentive, and lose parts of centripetal processing accomplishments increase easy but noticeably. Health attention professionals need to be reminded that aging and disease are non synonymous. The more closely a map is tied to physical capablenesss, the more likely it is to worsen with age, whereas the closer a map depends on experience, the more likely it will increase with age. Joint stiffness, weight addition, weariness and loss of bone mass can be slowed through proper nutritionary intercessions and low-impact exercising. The importance of exercising can non be overstated. Exercise has been shown addition aerophilic capacity and mental velocity. Exercise plans designed for the aged should stress increased strength, flexibleness, and endurance. One of the best forecasters of good wellness in ulterior old ages is the figure and extent of healthy life styles that were established in earlier life. The aged individual may shown lessenings in attending accomplishments during complex undertakings. Balance, coordination, strength and reaction clip all lessening with age. Falls associated with balance jobs are common in the aged population, ensuing in a demand to concentrate on walking. Not overpowering them with instructions is helpful. Their vacillation to follow instructions may be fear instilled from a old autumn. Sight, hearing, gustatory sensation and odor are all centripetal modes that decline with age. Older people have more trouble with bright visible radiations and tuning out background noise. Many aged people become expert at lip reading to counterbalance for loss of hearing. For radiographers to presume that all aged patients are difficult of hearing is non usual ; they are non speaking in a normal tone, while doing volume accommodations merely if necessary, is a good regulation of pollex. Talking easy, straight, and clearly when giving instructions allows older grownup s an chance to screen through waies and improves their ability to follow them with better truth. Cognitive damage in the aged can be caused by disease, aging, and neglect. Dementia is defined as progressive cognitive damage that finally interferes with day-to-day working. It includes cognitive, psychologic, and functional shortages including memory damage. With normal aging comes a decelerating down and a gradual have oning out of bodily systems bit it does non include dementedness. Yet the prevalence of dementedness additions with age. Persistent perturbations in cognitive operation, including memory and rational ability, accompany dementedness. Fears of cognitive loss, particularly Alzheimer ‘s disease, are widespread among older people. Alzheimer ‘s disease is the most common signifier of dementedness. Therefore wellness attention professionals are more likely to meet people with this type. The bulk of aged people work at keeping and maintaining their mental maps by remaining active through mental games and exercisings and maintaining engaged in regular conversati on. When caring for patients with any grade of dementedness, verbal conversation should be inclusive and respectful. One should ne’er discourse the patients as through they are non in the room or are non active participants in the process. One of the first inquiries asked of any patient come ining a wellness attention installations for exigency service â€Å" Do you cognize where you are and what twenty-four hours it is? † The wellness attention suppliers need to cognize merely how watchful the patient is. Although memory does worsen with age, this is experienced largely with short-run memory undertakings. Long-run memory or subconscious memory undertakings show small alteration over clip and with increasing age. There can be a assortment of grounds for confusion or freak out. Medication, psychiatric perturbation, or retirement can confound the patient. For some older people, retirement agencies making a new set modus operandis and seting to them. The bulk of seniors like construction in their lives and have familiar modus operandis for nearing each twenty-four hours. PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING Health and well- being depend mostly on the grade to which organ systems can successfully work together to keep internal stableness, With age, there is seemingly a gradual damage of these homeostatic mechanisms. Aged people experience nonuniform, gradual, on-going organ map failure in all systems. Many of the organic structure organs bit by bit lose strength with forward age. These alterations place the aged at hazard for disease or disfunction, particularly in the presence of emphasis. At some point the likeliness of unwellness, disease and decease additions. Assorted physical diseases and upset affect both mental and physical wellness of people of all ages. They are more profound among aged people because diseases and upsets among older people are more likely to be chronic in nature. Although aging is inevitable, the aging experience is extremely single and is affected by heredity, lifestyle picks physical wellness, and attitude. A great part of usual aging hazards can be modified with positive displacements in life manner. In aged, the ripening of the variety meats systems is one of the procedure where they need to understands and there are as list below: Integumentary systems upsets Nervous systems upsets Centripetal systems upsets Musculoskeletal systems upsets Cardiovascular systems upsets Gastrointestinal system upset Immune system diminution Respiratory system upset Hematologic system upsets Genitourinary systems upsets Endocrine systems upsets. THE RADIOGRAPHER ‘S ROLE The function of the radiographer is no different than that of all other wellness professionals. The whole individual must be treated, non merely the manifested symptoms of an unwellness or hurt. Medical imagination and curative processs reflect the impact of ongoing systemic ripening in documentable and ocular signifiers. Adapting processs to suit disablements and disease of geriatric patients is a critical duty and a challenge based about entirely on the radiographer ‘s cognition, abilities, and accomplishment. An apprehension of the physiology and pathology of aging, in add-on to an consciousness of the economic the societal, psychologic, cognitive, and economic facets of ripening, are required to run into the demands of the aged population. Conditions typically associated with aged patient constantly require versions or alterations of everyday imagination processs. The radiographer must be able to distinguish between age related alterations and disease procedures. Production of diagnostic images necessitating professional determination doing to counterbalance for physiologic alterations, while keeping the conformity, safety, and comfort of the patient, is foundation of the contract between the aged patient and the radiographer. RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING FOR GERIATRIC PATIENTS The preceding treatments and apprehension of the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial effects of aging can assist radiographers accommodate to the placement challenges of the geriatric patient. In come instances everyday scrutinies need to be modified to suit the restriction, safety, and comfort of the patient. Communicating clear instructions with the patient is of import. The undermentioned treatment references positioning suggestion for assorted constructions. The common skiagraphy scrutinies for gerontologies are: Chest Spinal column Pelvis/hip Upper appendage Lower appendage Thorax The place of pick for the chest radiogram is the unsloped place ; nevertheless, the aged patient may non be able to stand without aid for this scrutiny. The traditional posteroanterior ( PA ) place is to hold the â€Å" dorsums of custodies on hips. † This may be hard for person with impaired balance and flexibleness. The radiographer can let the patient to falsify his or her weaponries around the chest bases as a agency of support and security. The patient may non be able to keep his or her weaponries over the caput for sidelong projection of the thorax. Supply excess security and stableness while traveling the weaponries up and forwards. When the patient can non stands, The scrutiny may be done seated in a wheelchair, but some issues will impact the radiographic quality. First, the radiotherapist demand to be cognizant that the radiogram is an anteroposterior ( AP ) alternatively of a PA projection, which may do comparing hard. Hyperkyphosis can ensue in the lung vertexs being obscured, and the venters may befog the lung bases. In sitting place, respiration may be compromised, and the patient should be instructed on the importance of a deep inspiration. Positioning of the image receptor for crookback patient should be higher than normal because the shoulder and vertexs are in a higher place. Radiographic landmarks may alter with age, and the focus may necessitate to be lower, if the patient is highly crookback. When positioning the patient for the sitting sidelong chest projection, the radiographer should put a big sponge behind the patient to tilt him or her forward. Siting Chest PA Chest Standing Spinal column Radiographic spinal column scrutinies may be painful for the patient enduring from osteoporosis who is lying on the x-ray tabular array. Positioning AIDSs such as radiolucent sponge, sandbags, and a mattress may be used every bit long as the quality, of the image is non compromised. Performing unsloped radiographic scrutiny may be besides appropriate if a patient can safely digest this place. The combination of cervical hollow-back and pectoral humpback can do placement and visual image of the cervical and pectoral spinal column hard. Lateral cervical projections can be done with the patient standings, sitting, or lying supine. The AP projection in the sitting place may non visualise the upper cervical vertebrae because the mentum may befog this anatomy. In the supine place the caput may non make the tabular array and consequence in magnification. The AP and open-mouth projection are hard to make in wheelchair. The thoracic and lumbar spinal columns are sites for compaction breaks. The usage of positioning blocks may be necessary to assist the patient remain in place. For the sidelong projection, a lead blocker or shield behind the spinal column should be used to absorb every bit much spread radiation as possible. Lateral Spine PELVIS/HIP Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and hurts as the consequence of falls contribute to hip pathologies. A common break in the aged is the femoral cervix. An AP projection of the pelvic girdle should be done to analyze the hip. If indicant is trauma, the radiographer should non try to revolve the limbs. The 2nd position taken should be a cross-table lateral of the affected hip. If hip hurting is the indicant, help the patient to internal rotary motion of the legs with the usage of sandbags if necessary. Immobilization device are topographic point to the patient pes. UPPER EXTREMITY Positioning the geriatric patient for projections of the upper appendages can show its ain challenges. Often the upper appendages have limited flexibleness and mobility. A cerebrovascular accident or shot may do contractures of the affected limb. Contracted limbs can non be forced into place, and cross-table positions may necessitate to be done. The inability of the patient to travel his or her limb should non be interpreted as a deficiency of cooperation. Supination is frequently a job in patients with contractures, breaks, and palsy. The everyday AP and sidelong projections can be supported with the usage of sponges, sandbags, and blocks to raise and back up the appendage being imaged. The shoulder is besides a site decreased mobility, disruption, and breaks. The healer should measure how much motion the patient can make before trying to travel the arm. The usage of finger sponges may besides assist with the contractures of the fingers. Hand Projection Lateral Wrist LOWER EXTREMITY The lower appendages may hold limited flexibleness and mobility. The ability to dorsiflex the mortise joint may be reduced as a consequence of neurologic upsets. Imaging on the x-ray tabular array may necessitate to be modified when a patient can non turn on his or her side. Flexure of the articulatio genus may be impaired and required a cross-table sidelong projection. If digressive projection of the kneecap, such as the Settegast method, is necessary and the patient can turn on his or her side, topographic point the image receptor superior to the articulatio genus and direct to cardinal beam perpendicular through the patellofemoral articulation. Projections of the pess and mortise joints may be obtained with the patient sitting in the wheelchair. The usage of positioning sponges and sandbags support and keep the place of the organic structure portion being imaged. AP Ankle Projection Lateral Ankle Projection PATIENT CARE Patient attention must be apply to geriatric patient because they all are all fragile where their bone can easy interrupt or they can be easy fainted during the scrutiny. For communications, take clip to educate the patient and his or her household, talk lower and closer, and handle the patient with self-respect and regard. Transportation and raising patient are besides be need because gerontologies patient is non stronger than normal individual. If possible, give the patient clip to rest between projection and processs. Avoid adhesive tape because aged tegument is thin and delicate. Supply warm covers in cold scrutiny suites, use table tablets and custodies tracks and ever entree the patient ‘s medical history before contrast media is administered. Take clip with the patient Immobilization Device Decision The imaging professional will go on to see a alteration in wellness attention bringing system with the dramatic displacement in the population of individuals older than age 65. This displacement in the general population is ensuing in an on-going addition in the figure of medical imagination processs preformed on aged patients. Demographic and societal effects aging find the manner in which the aged adapt to and see the procedure of aging. An person ‘s household size and perceptual experiences of aging, economic resources, gender, race, ethnicity, societal category, and the handiness and bringing of wellness attention will impact the quality of the aging experience. Biologic age will be much more critical than chronologic aging when finding the wellness position of the aged. Healthier life styles and promotion in medical intervention will make a coevals of successfully aging grownups, which in bend should diminish the negative stereotyping of the aged individual. Attitudes of a ll wellness attention professionals, whether positive or negative, will impact the attention provided to be turning aged population. Education about the mental and physiologic changes associated with aging, along with the cultural, economic and societal influences attach toing ripening, enables the radiographer to accommodate imagination and curative processs to the aged patient ‘s disablements ensuing from age-related alterations. The human organic structure undergoes a multiplicity of physiologic alterations and failure in all systems. The aging experience is affected by heredity, lifestyle picks, physical wellness, and attitude, doing it extremely individualized. No person ‘s aging procedure is predictable and is ne’er precisely the same as that of any other single. Radiologic engineers must utilize their cognition, abilities, and accomplishments to set imagination processs to suit for disablements and disease encountered with geriatric patients. Safety and comfort of the patient is indispensable in keeping conformity throughout imaging processs. Execution of accomplishments such as good communicating, listening, sensitiveness, and empathy, all lead to patient conformity. Knowledge of age-related alterations and disease procedure will heighten the radiographer ‘s ability to supply diagnostic information and intervention when supplying attention that meets the demands of the increasing aged patient population. How to cite Psychosocial Effects Of Aging Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Christianity and Islam free essay sample

Christianity and Islam are the two most recognized religions in the world today. And their attitudes toward merchants and trade has had a major effect on the worlds economy even dating back to the founding of the religions. Islams firsts views on trade where very positive most likely due to the fact that its founder, Muhammad was a merchant himself. However Christianities first views on merchants and trade were more negative. Jesus the founder of Christianity was a carpenter and thought that the only way to reach heaven was through spiritual means rather than through the shady arts of merchants and trading. Although the first attitudes on merchants and trade were negative from Christianity and positive from Islam over the next 1500 years their views had changed into the opposite of what was first conceived. When Christianity came into existence Jesus first said to his disciples in around the year 70 – 80 C. We will write a custom essay sample on Christianity and Islam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E. In the book of Matthew (Doc 1) it says â€Å"Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. This shows how Jesus point of view on merchants and trade was that it was a business of sinners and that the rich would never go to heaven. However Islam even after being founded 600 years after Christianity showed positive attitudes toward trade and merchants. There is a teaching in the Muslim Quran from around 620 to 650 C. E. (Doc 2) that says in the first three lines â€Å"O ye believers! devour not each others property among yourselves unlawfully save that by mutual trading consent. Woe to the cheaters! ho, when they take measure of their dues from men, take it fully; and when they measure out to others or weigh out for them, they give less than is due. And give full measures when you measure out and weigh with true balance. This is fair and better in the end. † What Muhammad was showing was that trade is acceptable as long as it was done fair and in the final line in this teaching (Doc 2) it says â€Å"On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith. This shows that Islams attitude towards traders and merchants was taken very highly. During the next 520 years the attitudes toward trade and merchants begins to change the first noted is in Christianity. In the year 1170 C. E. a monk of Durham by the name of Reginald who was a younger contemporary and colleague of St. Godric. He wrote a book on the life of St. Godric before his death. In the book titled The Life of St. Godric (Doc 3), Reginald says â€Å"He chose not to follow the life of a husbandman, but rather to study, learn and exercise the rudiment of more subtle conceptions. For this reason, aspiring to the merchant’s trade, he began to follow the chapmans [peddler’s] way of life, first learning how to gain in small bargains and things of insignificant price; and to gain from things of greater expense. † In this paragraph Reginald is saying that this man chose to follow the life of a trader which according to Jesus was something that would deny you the path to heaven. However later on in St. Godrics life â€Å" And now he lived sixteen years as a merchant, and began to think of spending on charity, to God’s honor and service, the goods which he had so laboriously acquired. He therefore took the cross as a pilgrim to Jerusalem. Godric was now already firmly disposed to give himself entirely to God’s service. Wherefore, that he might follow Christ more freely, he sold all his possessions and distributed them among the poor. For above all things he coveted the life of a hermit. † This shows that even though St. Godric was a wealthy trade but since he gave all his money and valuables to the Church in pursuit of religious solitude he became a saint. This book however may be bias do to the fact that it was written by a colleague of St. Godrics and also it was released before his death so some things may have been held back by Reginald. Around 103 years later in the year 1273 C. E. another book is published by a Christian theologian by the name of Thomas Aquinas. In his book titled Summa Theologica (Doc 4) Thomas says â€Å" It is written (Matthew vii. 12): All things†¦whatsoever you would that men should do to you, do you also to them. But no man wishes to buy a thing for more than its worth. Therefore no man should sell a thing to another man for more than its worth. This shows that Thomass point of view and Christian attitudes on merchants and trade have gone from strongly negative to accepting. Thomas Aquinas goes on to quote the non-Christian writings of Cicero. He says â€Å"Hence Tully [Cicero, the Roman writer] says: Contracts should be entirely free from double-dealing: the seller must not impose upon the bidder, nor the buyer against one that bids against him. † This Christian Theologians book is bias however in the fact that he was trained by the church and was probably written in order to benefit themselves by reaching out to a wider circle of people. Into the fourteenth century Islams attitudes on trade and merchants begins to change and not in favor of merchants and traders. In an article published by Ibn Khaldun, leading Muslim scholar, titled Universal History (Kitab al-ibar). In the beginning Ibn goes on to say that (Doc 5) â€Å"Commerce is the increasing of capital by buying goods and attempting to sell them at a price higher than their cost. This is done either by waiting for a rise in the market price; or by transporting the goods to another place where they are more keenly demanded and therefore fetch a higher price; or, lastly, by selling them on a long-term credit basis. Ibn is fine with this idea but he goes onto state what truly happens. â€Å"In order to achieve this increase in capital, it is necessary to have enough initial capital to pay in cash the sellers from whom one buys the goods; it is also necessary to sell for cash, as honesty is not widespread among people. This dishonesty leads on the one hand to fraud and the adulteration of goods, and on the other to delays on payment which diminish profits because capital remains idle during the interval. It also induces buyers to repudiate their debts, a practice which is very injurious to the merchant’s capital. The manners of the tradesmen are inferior to those of the rulers, and far removed from manliness and uprightness. We have already stated that traders must buy and sell and seek profits. This necessitates flattery , and evasiveness, and litigation and disputation, all of which are characteristic of this profession. And these qualities lead to a decrease and weakening in virtue and manliness. For these acts inevitably affect the soul. Ibn Khaldun is saying that the basis of the practices that merchants use to make profits is sinful and which inevitably affects the soul. This shows how the Islamic community has been affected by unfair dealings which Muhammad didnt see as what was the framework for how merchants made profit. While this was happening in the Islamic community the Christian community was bright with merchants and trade. People began to use God as a support for doing business. One such example is that of letters written to and from Italian merchants in the ourteenth century. In the first two letters an order is being placed for a painting of the Virgin Mary and God (Doc 6) in the letters it says â€Å"A panel of Our Lady on a background of fine gold with two doors, making a fine show with good and handsome figures by the best painter. Let there be in the center Our Lord on the Cross, or Our Lady, whomsoever you can find – I care not, so that the figures be handsome and large, the best and finest you can purvey, and the cost no more than 51/2 or 61/2 florins. After this the merchants responds that nothing can be found so the buyer says â€Å"You tell me you can find no pictures for the money we will pay, for there are none so cheap, and therefore we bid you, if you find no good things at fair cost, leave them, for here there is no great demand. They should be bought when the master artist who makes them is in need. † This shows how the buyers will wait until the painters almost out of work when the prices will be lowered only in order for the painter to stay alive to buy the painting. The other letters describe how merchants have become so valued that people put trade before religion and the people around the traders fear that they might start to crave the materiel world, this is one thing Christianity did not allow. These changes finally ended with Islam showing that its attitudes were strongly against merchants and trade. This happened in around the seventeenth century at an Islamic Court decision where a man was tried against by his former guild for breaking their trade rules in order to make money form himself instead of the guild. In the Court decision (Doc 7) it says â€Å"that Sah Mehmed and Haci Mehmed and others from the weavers’ guild summoned [to court] Sakaoglu Nasuh from the said guild and said in complaint: â€Å"Whenever cotton yarn comes to [town], the aforementioned arrives, pays an extra price, and takes it from its owner, and the other weavers remain deprived [of cotton yarn]. As of old, when cotton yarn came, we all bought it together. The aforementioned has now acted contrary to the old custom; we do not agree to this. †