Formation of the Delian League in Ancient History

Several Ionian cities joined together in the Delian League  for mutual protection against the Persians. They placed Athens at the head (as hegemon) because of her naval supremacy. This free confederation (symmachia) of autonomous cities, founded in 478 B.C., consisted of representatives, an admiral, and treasurers appointed by Athens. It was called the Delian League because its treasury was located at  Delos. History Formed in 478 B.C., the Delian League was an alliance of mainly coastal and Aegean city-states against Persia at a time when Greece feared Persia might attack again. Its goal was to make Persia pay and to free the Greeks under Persian dominion. The league morphed into the Athenian Empire that opposed the Spartan allies in the Peloponnesian War. After the Persian Wars, which included Xerxes invasion by land at the Battle of Thermopylae (the setting for the graphic novel-based movie ), the various Hellenic poleis (city-states) divided into opposing sides ranged around Athens and Sparta, and fought the Peloponnesian War. This enervating war was a major turning point in Greek history since in the following century, the city-states were no longer strong enough to stand up to the Macedonians under Philip and his son Alexander the Great. These Macedonians adopted one of the aims of the Delian League: to make Persia pay. Strength is what the poleis had been seeking when they turned to Athens to form the Delian League. Mutual Protection Following Hellenic victory at the Battle of Salamis, during the Persian Wars, Ionian cities joined together in the Delian League for mutual protection. The league was meant to be offensive as well as defensive: to have the same friends and enemies (typical terms for an alliance formed for this dual purpose [Larsen]), with secession forbidden. The member poleis placed Athens at the head (hegemon) because of her naval supremacy. Many of the Greek cities were annoyed with the tyrannical behavior of the Spartan commander Pausanias, who had been leader of the Greeks during the Persian War. Thucydides Book 1.96 on the formation of the Delian League 96. When the Athenians had thus gotten the command by the confederates own accord for the hatred they bare to Pausanias, they then set down an order which cities should contribute money for this war against the barbarians, and which galleys. For they pretended to repair the injuries they had suffered by laying waste the territories of the king. [2] And then first came up amongst the Athenians the office of treasurers of Greece, who were receivers of the tribute, for so they called this money contributed. And the first tribute that was taxed came to four hundred and sixty talents. The treasury was at Delos, and their meetings were kept there in the temple. Members of the Delian League In The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (1989), author-historian Donald Kagan says the members included about 20 members from the Greek islands, 36 Ionian city-states, 35 from the Hellespont, 24 from around Caria, and 33 from around Thrace, making it primarily an organization of the Aegean islands and coast. This free confederation (symmachia) of autonomous cities, consisted of representatives, an admiral, and financial officers/treasurers (hellenotamiai) appointed by Athens. It was called the Delian League because its treasury was located at Delos. An Athenian leader, Aristides, initially assessed the allies in the Delian League 460 talents, probably annually [Rhodes] (there is some question about the amount and people assessed [Larsen]), to be paid to the treasury, either in cash or warships (triremes). This assessment is referred to as phoros that which is brought or tribute. 23.5 Hence it was Aristeides who assessed the tributes of the allied states on the first occasion, two years after the naval battle of Salamis, in the archonship of Timosthenes, and who administered the oaths to the Ionians when they swore to have the same enemies and friends, ratifying their oaths by letting the lumps of iron sink to the bottom out at sea. — Aristotle Ath. Pol. 23.5 Athenian Supremacy For 10 years, the Delian League fought to rid Thrace and the Aegean of Persian strongholds and piracy. Athens, which continued to demand financial contributions or ships from its allies, even when fighting was no longer necessary, became more and more powerful as her allies became poorer and weaker. In 454, the treasury was moved to Athens. Animosity developed, but Athens would not permit the formerly free cities to secede. The enemies of Pericles were crying out how that the commonwealth of Athens had lost its reputation and was ill-spoken of abroad for removing the common treasure of the Greeks from the isle of Delos into their own custody; and how that their fairest excuse for so doing, namely, that they took it away for fear the barbarians should seize it, and on purpose to secure it in a safe place, this Pericles had made unavailable, and how that Greece cannot but resent it as an insufferable affront, and consider herself to be tyrannized over openly, when she sees the treasure, which was contributed by her upon a necessity for the war, wantonly lavished out by us upon our city, to gild her all over, and to adorn and set her forth, as it were some vain woman, hung round with precious stones and figures and temples, which cost a world of money. Pericles, on the other hand, informed the people, that they were in no way obliged to give any account of those moneys to their allies, so long as they maintained their defense, and kept off the barbarians from attacking them. — Plutarchs Life of Pericles The Peace of Callias, in 449, between Athens and Persia, put an end to the rationale for the Delian League, since there should have been peace, but Athens by then had a taste for power and the Persians started supporting the Spartans to Athens detriment [Flower]. End of the Delian League The Delian League was broken up when Sparta captured Athens in 404. This was a terrible time for many in Athens. The victors razed the great walls linking the city to her harbor city of Piraeus; Athens lose her colonies, and most of her navy, and then submitted to the reign of the Thirty Tyrants. An Athenian league was later revived in 378-7 to protect against Spartan aggression and survived until Philip II of Macedons victory at Chaeronea (in Boeotia, where Plutarch would later be born). Terms to Know hegemonia leadership.Hellenic Greek.Hellenotamiai treasurers, Athenian financial officers.Peloponnesian League modern term for the military alliance of the Lacedaemonians and their allies.symmachia a treaty where the signers agree to fight for one another. Sources Starr, Chester G. A History of the Ancient World. Oxford University Press, 1991.Kagan, Donald. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Cornell University Press, 2013.Holden, Hubert Ashton, Plutarchs Life of Perciles, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1895.Lewis, David Malcolm. The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 5: The Fifth Century BC., Boardman, John, Davies, J.K., Ostwald, M., Cambridge University Press, 1992.Larsen, J. A. O. â€Å"The Constitution and Original Purpose of the Delian League.† Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. 51, 1940, p. 175.Sabin, Philip, International Relations in Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, Hall, Jonathan M., Van Wees, Hans, Whitby, Michael, Cambridge University Press, 2007.Flower, Michael A. From Simonides to Isocrates: The Fifth-Century Origins of Fourth-Century Panhellenism, Classical Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Apr. 2000), pp. 65-101.

Language Paper - 1243 Words

Language Paper PSY 360 Language Paper Language is something that generally every human has as a form of communication. It can be in the form of verbal words, in the form of written words, or even in the form of signed words, but it is something that as humans we all use in one way or another. The need for language evolved as a way for people to express their thoughts, their feelings and emotions, and even their fears. Humans needed a way to communicate with each other to express things that normally couldn’t be expressed. This paper is going to set out to cover language. It will cover the definition of language and lexicon, as well as evaluate the key features of language. The paper with describe the four levels of the†¦show more content†¦The properties include communicative, arbitrary, structured, generative, and dynamic. The first property, communicative, is a property because as it describes it permits one person to communicate with another person. Next in the properties is arbi trary, which is the fact that the relationship between language’s elements and their meaning is arbitrary. When it comes to symbols, arbitrariness is one of the key features. A sound can stand for a meaning, but as to which sound stands for which meaning is considered arbitrary (Willingham, 2007). While language is arbitrary, it is at the same time structured as well. Basically meaning the pattern of symbols is not arbitrary at all. Next is the fact that language is also generative. The basic units of language such as words can be used to build any number of meanings. Finally, language is dynamic because it is not just static. According to Willingham, language is changing constantly as new words are added and the rules of grammar slowly and subtly change (2007). Language Processing in Cognitive Psychology Language is a remarkable process when it is looked at on a cognitive level. 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Causes of Sleep Deprivation in Western Cultures - 582 Words

In Western cultures, the biggest cause of sleep deprivation is stress mostly as a result of being sick, overworking and shift working, drugs, or examinations (Pinel, 2014). Sleep loss can lead to impairment in decision-making. Two studies have been conducted that look at twenty-four hours of sleep deprivation and focus on the effect it has on making complex decisions. Essentially, what is the effect of total sleep deprivation in decision-making? In 2009, David Schyner and his colleagues had the opportunity to subject fifteen participants to a total of twenty-four hours of sleep deprivation. They set up their experiment by asking participants to make a decision between two choices and then again between three choices. After a day of sleep loss, researchers found that participants showed a decreased ability to make integrative decisions between two choices, and the three choice tasks were significantly harder to make more so than the two choice task. 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Stages of Ego Development

Question: Describe and define the Stages of Ego Development. Answer: Jane Lovenger developed the stages of ego development and defined ego as an attribute that evolved as a continuous process because of interaction between the inner self and the social environment. Altbach et al., (2014) mentioned that ego development is quite similar to moral development but is wider in scope. The ego development consists of nine stages, which are as follows: Pre-social- Jane loevinger believed that it is not possible for babies to develop ego, since their thinking is delusional or autistic. Thus, their ego is thinking consist of brief and hazy projection of events. Impulsive- This is the second stage where the child develops senses and reacts accordingly to outside events. Here, the individual is self-observant and only is immersed in environmental aspects that influences them. Self Protective - In this stage, the individual develops feelings of self-protection and preserves against outside elements. Conformist - Children going to school tries to measure themselves and others as per the established codes of the society. As such, this is a period of struggle as children strive hard to match social expectations. Self Awareness - Until the age of twenty-five, the period of self-awareness remains in a human being. Thus, there is an increase in level of self- awareness, and high imagination power to adjust to various situations. Conscientious - This is a more advanced stage of an individual, where the person reacts immediately to any changes in the external environment (Jespersen et al., 2013). The conscientious stage is responds positively towards achievement of goals and objectives. Individualistic - The characteristic feature of this stage is the respect towards individual as well as interpersonal relationship. Besides this, the sense of tolerance and acceptance towards people from different backgrounds and culture increases. Autonomous - This is a very mature stage, which refers to being free from materialistic wants and desires. Integrated - As per Loevinger, this stage is very difficult to attain. As such, at the integrated stage, continuous learning is mandatory for mental and emotional development in an individual. References Altbach, P. G., Arnold, K., King, I. C. (2014).College student development and academic life: Psychological, intellectual, social and moral issues. Routledge. Jespersen, K., Kroger, J., Martinussen, M. (2013). Identity status and ego development: A meta-analysis.Identity,13(3), 228-241.

Historical Roots of Populism free essay sample

The tariff on manufactured goods, the domestic marketing system, and the shortage of credit were all contributing actors to the devastating downward swing in the business cycle. The debt Of postmortem farmers in the south occurred because of the credit exploitation of northern merchant stores and high freight rates charged by the Railroads. This triggered a new outburst of farm radicalism. The Farmers Alliance was established in Lamps, Texas in 1877 to try and improve their economic situation.The alliance was designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of farmers. The farmers developed co- ops to help each other out. The Farmers Alliance spread throughout the Midwest and South. Despite their efforts to market crops cooperatively at fair prices they discovered problems in the American financial and monetary system. They became aware that the furnishing man was holding them down. They wanted a sub treasury in order to get loans from the government instead of the furnishing man. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Roots of Populism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also had a plan that would permit farmers to keep nonperishable crops when the prices were low and receive a loan from the government in which they would repay when the market prices rose and they sold the crops they had in storage. The Farmers Alliance held their first formal convention in Celebrate, Texas in 886 and made the Celebrate demands. They demanded that the government regulate commerce and create a bureau of labor statistics. They also urged the election on U. S. Senators by popular vote. Soon after in 1892 the Peoples Party was organized in SST. Louis by farm leaders, representative of the Knights of Labor, and various professional reformers. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard. In the election of 1892 this new party elected numbers of local officials in western states and cast over a million votes for General Weaver as the third party. In 1896, the party joined together and supported Bryan but they lost again and populism began to evaporate over the next few years.The Populist Party was a short-lived political party in the U. S. And was not a success at the time of its movement However, it was eventually successful over the years to come. Many of its positions have become adopted over the course of the following decades. For example, currency was regulated, the government began to tax, schools became more developed and regulated, and the direct election of Senators was amended to the Constitution. I think that indicates success!